POLITICAL SYSTEM
General Information
The Arab Republic of Egypt is a presidential republic.
The supreme legislative body is the bicameral National Assembly.
Supreme leadership – President – Abdel Fattah el-Sisi (took office on June 8, 2014, re-elected during elections on March 26-28, 2018).
Prime Minister (since 2018) – Mostafa Madbouly.
A multi-party system functions, with 64 parties registered as of 2025. The largest are the "Wafd", "Mostaqbal Watan", and "People of the Republic" parties.
The efforts of Egyptian authorities in domestic policy are aimed at maintaining socio-political stability, maintaining security and interfaith peace in the country.
Egypt is one of the founders of the League of Arab States, whose headquarters is located in Cairo. It is also a member of the African Union, the Organization of Islamic Cooperation, and the Non-Aligned Movement.
Constitutional System
A unitary state, comprising 27 muhafazas (provinces).
The current Constitution was adopted following a general referendum on January 18, 2014, supplemented by amendments approved in a referendum on April 20-22, 2019.
The National Assembly, also known as parliament, consists of upper and lower Chambers – the Senate and the House of Representatives. The Senate includes 300 deputies: 100 are appointed by the President, 200 are elected (100 – in individual districts, 100 – from party lists).
The House of Representatives consists of 596 deputies (2025): 568 are elected (448 – through a majoritarian system, 120 – from party lists), 28 are appointed by the President.
Labor Relations
The main source of labor legislation in Egypt is the "Labor Law". The main feature of the country's labor legislation is that the minimum annual wage increase must be no less than 7% of the base salary. The minimum wage is 2000 Egyptian pounds per month. The working day is 48 hours per week with a 6-day work week.
An employer in Egypt is obliged to provide annual leave of at least 21 days, however, if an employee's work experience is more than 10 years and their age is over 50 years, the duration of leave increases to 30 days. An employer is obliged to provide additional leave for the entire period of service for 30 days to perform pilgrimage to Mecca or Jerusalem if the employee has worked for more than 5 years.
Trade Unions
State regulation of trade union activities in Egypt is carried out through the Egyptian Trade Union Federation and the Center for Trade Union and Workers' Services. After the political changes of 2011, a significant number of independent trade union associations were formed in the country, with approximately 122 trade unions registered by 2018.
Trade unions participate in discussing socio-economic policy, while their functions in matters of improving working conditions and raising wages have certain specificities. Modern labor legislation provides for the possibility of conducting strikes with prior notification, along with which alternative forms of expressing labor demands also exist.
The Egyptian Trade Union Federation is the only trade union federation in Egypt. It represents the interests of 2,5 million workers. It is a member of the International Confederation of Arab Trade Unions and the Organization of African Trade Union Unity.