STATE STRUCTURE
General Information
Official name – Arab Republic of Egypt.
Form of government – Presidential Republic.
President (2025) – Abdel Fattah el-Sisi.
State language – Arabic.
Capital – Cairo.
Foundation Period
The first states on the territory of Egypt emerged in 30 cent. BC. In winter 332-331, Alexander the Great (at the time of the conquest - King of Macedonia) conquered the lands of Egypt, where he founded the city of Alexandria. After the commander's death in 323 BC, Egypt became one of the states of the Diadochi.
In 30 BC, Egypt was conquered by Ancient Rome. From 395, the territories of Egypt were part of Byzantium. In 642, it was included in the Arab Caliphate. In the 10th cent., the lands of Egypt came under the rule of the Fatimids, in the 12th - the Ayyubids. From the middle of the 13th cent., the Mamluk Sultanate emerged on the territory of Egypt.
In 1517, Egypt became a vassal of the Ottoman Empire. In 1811, the commander of the Egyptian Janissaries, Muhammad Ali, seized power in the country. The strengthening of Egypt's autonomy led to a clash with the Ottoman Empire. From the 1850s, Egypt's financial dependence on foreign states intensified.
In 1881, the Urabi Pasha revolt broke out in the country, which led to British occupation (from 1882). From 1914 to 1922, Egypt was a protectorate of Great Britain. From 1922, the Kingdom of Egypt proclaimed its independence, despite the continued British control. In 1945, Egypt became a co-founder of the League of Arab States and joined the United Nations (UN).
In 1953, a republic was proclaimed.
Heads of State (since the proclamation of the republic):
Mohammed Naguib – held the position of president from June 18, 1953 to November 14, 1954. In 1953, on June 18, the monarchy was abolished in Egypt, and Mohammed Naguib headed the state as the first president.
Gamal Abdel Nasser – held the position of president from January 16, 1956 to September 28, 1970. Under President Naguib, he was First Deputy Prime Minister and Minister of Internal Affairs.
Anwar Sadat – held the position of president from September 28, 1970 to October 6, 1981. Having been defeated in the Yom Kippur War (October 1973), he entered into negotiations with Israel and signed a peace treaty. For these efforts, together with Menachem Begin, he was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize.
Hosni Mubarak – held the position of president from October 14, 1981 to February 11, 2011. Under Mubarak, Egypt significantly strengthened its international position, and relations with all Arab countries normalized. In 1989, the country restored its membership in the League of Arab States.
Mohamed Morsi – held the position of president from June 30, 2012 to July 3, 2013. Amid mass protests that began on June 30, 2013, on July 3 he was banned from leaving the country. Shortly thereafter, the military announced his removal from presidential powers.
Abdel Fattah el-Sisi – has held the position of president since June 8, 2014. Received a law degree from Cairo University (1967). Worked in the judicial system of Egypt, from 1992 – in the Supreme Constitutional Court. In July 2013, he became its chairman, and then -- interim president of the country after the military's decision.
Administrative Division
Egypt is administratively divided into 27 governorates (provinces).
Governorates are subdivided into markazes (districts), each of which has its own administrative center.